Database - Query Builders

Before we start
Insert Builder
- Batch Insert
- Quick Inserts
SelectQuery Builder
UpdateQuery Builder
DeleteQuery Builders
Complex Expressions

You can read how to work with Database using manually written queries here.

DBAL component includes a set of query builders used to unify the way of working with different databases and simplify migration to different DBMS over the lifetime of the application.

Before we start

To demonstrate query building abilities let's declare sample table in our default database first:

php
use Cycle\Database\Database;

$schema = $dbal->database()->table('test')->getSchema();

$schema->primary('id');
$schema->datetime('time_created');
$schema->enum('status', ['active', 'disabled'])->defaultValue('active');
$schema->string('name', 64);
$schema->string('email');
$schema->double('balance');
$schema->save();

You can read more about declaring database schemas here.

Insert Builder

To get an instance of InsertBuilder (responsible for insertions), we have to execute following code:

php
$insert = $db->insert('test');

Now we can add some values to our builder to be inserted into related table:

php
$insert = $db->insert('test');

$insert->values([
    'time_created' => new \DateTime(),
    'name'         => 'Anton',
    'email'        => 'test@email.com',
    'balance'      => 800.90
]);

To run InsertQuery we should only execute method run() which will return last inserted id as result:

php
var_dump($db->run());

You can also use fluent syntax: $database->insert('table')->values(...)->run().

Batch Insert

You add as many values into insert builder as your database can support:

php
$insert->columns([
    'time_created', 
    'name', 
    'email', 
    'balance'
]);

for ($i = 0; $i < 20; $i++) {
    // we don't need to specify key names in this case
    $insert->values([
        new \DateTime(),
        $this->faker->randomNumber(2),
        $this->faker->email,
        $this->faker->randomFloat(2)
    ]);
}

$insert->run();

Quick Inserts

You can skip InsertQuery creation by talking to your table directly:

php
$table = $db->table('test');

var_dump($table->insertOne([
    'time_created' => new \DateTime(),
    'name'         => 'Anton',
    'email'        => 'test@email.com',
    'balance'      => 800.90
]));

Table class will automatically run a query and return the last inserted id. You can also check the insertMultiple method of Table.

SelectQuery Builder

SelectQuery builder can be retrieved two very similar ways, you can either get it from database or from table instances:

php
$select = $db->table('test')->select();

// alternative
$select = $db->select()->from('test');

// alternative
$select = $db->test->select();

Select Columns

By default, SelectQuery selects every column (*) from its related table. We can always change the set of requested columns using the columns method.

php
$db->users->select()
    ->columns('name')
    ->fetchAll();

You can use your select query as proper iterator or use run method which will return instance of Cycle\Database\Statement:

php
foreach($select->getIterator() as $row) {
    var_dump($row);
}

To select all values as array use fetchAll:

php
foreach($select->fetchAll() as $row) {
    var_dump($row);
}

You can always view what SQL is generated by your query by dumping it or via method sqlStatement:

dump
var_dump(
    $db->users->select()
        ->columns('name')
        ->sqlStatement()
);

Where Statements

Add WHERE conditions to your query using where, andWhere, orWhere methods.

Basics

Let's add simple condition on status column of our table:

php
$select = $db->select()
    ->from('test')
    ->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

$select->where('status', '=', 'active');

foreach ($select as $row) {
    var_dump($row);
}

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `status` = 'active'        

Note that prepared statements used behind the scenes.

You can skip '=' in your conditions:

php
$select->where('status', 'active');

Where Operators

Second argument can be used to declare operator:

php
$select->where('id', '>', 10);
$select->where('status', 'like', 'active');

For between and not between conditions you can also use forth argument of where method:

php
$select->where('id', 'between', 10, 20);

Resulted SQL:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` BETWEEN 10 AND 20  

Multiple Where Conditions

Chain multiple where conditions using fluent calls:

php
$select
    ->where('id', 1)
    ->where('status', 'active');

Method andWhere is an alias for where, so we can rewrite such condition to make it more readable:

php
$select
    ->where('id', 1)
    ->andWhere('status', 'active');

Resulted SQL:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 AND `status` = 'active'

SelectQuery will generate SQL based respecting your operator order and boolean operators:

php
$select
    ->where('id', 1)
    ->orWhere('id', 2)
    ->orWhere('status', 'active');

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 OR `id` = 2 OR `status` = 'active'

Complex/Group Where Conditions

Group multiple where conditions using Closure as your first argument:

php
$select
    ->where('id', 1)
    ->where(
        static function (SelectQuery $select) {
            $select
                ->where('status', 'active')
                ->orWhere('id', 10);
        }
    );

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 AND (`status` = 'active' OR `id` = 10)

Boolean joiners are respected:

php
$select
    ->where('id', 1)
    ->orWhere(
        static function (SelectQuery $select) {
            $select
                ->where('status', 'active')
                ->andWhere('id', 10);
        }
    );

Result:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 OR (`status` = 'active' AND `id` = 10)     

You can nest as many conditions as you want.

Simplified/array Where Conditions

Alternatively you can use MongoDB style to build your where conditions:

php
$select->where([
    'id'     => 1,
    'status' => 'active'
]);

Such code is identical to two where method calls and generates such sql:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (`id` = 1 AND `status` = 'active')

You can also specify custom comparison operators using nested arrays:

php
$select->where([
    'id'     => ['in' => new Parameter([1, 2, 3])],
    'status' => ['like' => 'active']
]);

Attention, you have to wrap all array arguments using Parameter class. Scalar arguments will be wrapped automatically.

Resulted SQL:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (`id` IN (1, 2, 3) AND `status` LIKE 'active')

Multiple conditions per field are supported:

php
$select->where([
    'id' => [
        'in' => [1, 2, 3],
        '<'  => 100
    ]
]);

Use @or and @and groups to create where groups:

php
$select
    ->where(
        static function (SelectQuery $select) {
            $select
                ->where('id', 'between', 10, 100)
                ->andWhere('name', 'Anton');
        }
    )
    ->orWhere('status', 'disabled');

Using short syntax:

php
$select->where([
    '@or' => [
        [
            'id'   => ['between' => [10, 100]],
            'name' => 'Anton'
        ],
        ['status' => 'disabled']
    ]
]);

In both cases resulted SQL will look like:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE ((`id` BETWEEN 10 AND 100 AND `name` = 'Anton') OR `status` = 'disabled')

You can experiment with both ways to declare where conditions and pick the one you like more.

Parameters

Spiral mocks all given values using Parameter class internally, in some cases (array) you might need to pass Parameter directly. You can alter the parameter value at any moment, but before the query run method:

php
use Cycle\Database\Injection\Parameter;
// ...

$select = $db->select()
    ->from('test')
    ->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

$select->where('id', $id = new Parameter(null));

//Bind new parameter value
$id->setValue(15);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

You can also pass requested PDO parameter type as second argument: new Parameter(1, PDO::PARAM_INT). Internally, every value passed into the where method is going to be wrapped using the Parameter class.

You can implement ParameterInterface if you want to declare your parameter wrappers with custom logic.

SQL Fragments and Expressions

QueryBuilders allow you to replace some of where statements with custom SQL code or expression. Use Cycle\Database\Injections\Fragment and Cycle\Database\Injections\Expression for such purposes.

Use fragment to include SQL code into your query bypassing escaping:

php
use Cycle\Database\Injection\Fragment;

//255
$select->where('id', '=', new Fragment("DAYOFYEAR('2015-09-12')"));

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = DAYOFYEAR('2015-09-12')

If you wish to compare complex value to user parameter, replace where the column with the expression:

php
use Cycle\Database\Injection\Expression;

$select->where(
    new Expression("DAYOFYEAR(concat('2015-09-', id))"), 
    '=',
    255
);

sql
SELECT
*
FROM `x_users`
WHERE DAYOFYEAR(concat('2015-09-', `id`)) = 255

Note that all column identifiers in Expressions will be quoted.

Join multiple columns same way:

php
$select->where(new \Cycle\Database\Injection\Expression("CONCAT(id, '-', status)"), '1-active');

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE CONCAT(`id`, '-', `status`) = '1-active'

Expressions are handy when your Database has a non-empty prefix:

php
$select->where(
    new \Cycle\Database\Injection\Expression("CONCAT(test.id, '-', test.status)"), 
    '1-active'
);

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE CONCAT(`primary_test`.`id`, '-', `primary_test`.`status`) = '1-active'

You can also use expressions and fragments as column values in the insert and update statements.

Please keep client data as far from Expressions and Fragments as possible.

Table and Column aliases

QueryBuilders support user defined table and column aliases:

php
$select = $db->select()
    ->from('test as abc')
    ->columns([
        'id',
        'status',
        'name'
    ]);

$select->where('abc.id', '>', 10);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    var_dump($row);
}

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test` as `abc`
WHERE `abc`.`id` > 10

Columns:

php
$select = $db->select()
    ->from('test')
    ->columns([
        'id',
        'status as st',
        'name',
        "CONCAT(test.name, ' ', test.status) as name_and_status"
    ]);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    var_dump($row);
}

SQL:

sql
SELECT
    `id`, 
    `status` as `st`, 
    `name`, 
    CONCAT(`primary_test`.`name`, ' ',`primary_test`.`status`) as `name_and_status`
FROM `primary_test`

Sub/Nested Queries

Every spiral QueryBuilder is as instance of FragmentInterface, this makes you able to create complex nested queries when you need them:

php
$select = $db->select()
    ->from('test')
    ->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

$select->where(
    'id',
    'IN',
    $database->select('id')
        ->from('test')
        ->where('id', 'BETWEEN', 10, 100)
);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    var_dump($row);
}

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` IN  (SELECT
`id`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` BETWEEN 10 AND 100)  

You can compare nested query return value in where statements:

php
$select->where(
    $db->select('COUNT(*)')
        ->from('test')
        ->where('id', 'BETWEEN', 10, 100), 
    '>',
    1
);

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` BETWEEN 10 AND 100) > 1   

You can exchange column identifiers between parent and nested query using Expression class:

php
$select = $db->select()
    ->from('test')
    ->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

$select->where(
    $db->select('name')
        ->from('users')
        ->where('id', '=', new \Cycle\Database\Injection\Expression('test.id'))
        ->where('id', '!=', 100),
    'Anton'
);

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (SELECT
`name`
FROM `primary_users`
WHERE `id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `id` != 100) = 'Anton'

Nested queries will only work when the nested query belongs to the same database as a primary builder.

Having

Use methods having, orHaving, and andHaving methods to define HAVING conditions. The syntax is identical to the WHERE statement.

Yep, it was quick.

Joins

You can join any desired table to your query using leftJoin, join, rightJoin, fullJoin and innerJoin methods:

php
$select = $db->table('test')
    ->select(['test.*', 'u.name as u']);

$select->leftJoin('users', 'u')
    ->on('users.id', 'test.id');

sql
 SELECT
`x_test`.*, `u`.`name` AS `u`
FROM `x_test` 
LEFT JOIN `x_users` AS `u`
    ON `x_users`.`id` = `x_test`.`id`

Method on works exactly as where except provided values treated as identifier and not as user value. Chain on, andOn and orOn methods to create more complex joins:

php
$select->leftJoin('users')
    ->on('users.id', 'test.id')
    ->orOn('users.id', 'test.balance');

Array based where conditions are also supported:

php
$select->leftJoin('users', 'u')->on([
    '@or' => [
        ['u.id' => 'test.id'],
        ['u.id' => 'test.balance']
    ]
]);

Generated SQL:

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `primary_users`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
LEFT JOIN `primary_users`
    ON (`primary_users`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` OR `primary_users`.`id` = `primary_test`.`balance`)    

On Where statement

To include user value into ON statement, use methods onWhere, orOnWhere and andOnWhere:

php
$select
    ->innerJoin('users')
    ->on(['users.id' => 'test.id'])
    ->onWhere('users.name', 'Anton');

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `primary_users`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
INNER JOIN `primary_users`
    ON `primary_users`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `primary_users`.`name` = 'Anton'

Advanced Join statements

You may also specify more advanced join statements. To get started, pass a closure or array as the fourth argument to the join method.

Example 1

php
$select->join('LEFT', 'photos', 'pht', ['pht.user_id', 'users.id']);

sql
SELECT * 
FROM `users`
LEFT JOIN `photos` AS `pht` 
ON `pht`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`

Example 2

You may use grouped statements.

php
$select->join('LEFT', 'photos', 'pht', [
    '@or' => [
        ['pht.user_id' => 'users.id'],
        ['users.is_admin' => new Parameter(true)]
    ],
]);

sql
SELECT * 
FROM `users` 
LEFT JOIN `photos` AS `pht` 
ON (
    `pht`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`
    OR
    `users`.`is_admin` = true
)

Example 3

You may use grouped statements with sub grouped statements.

php
$select->join('LEFT', 'photos', 'pht', [
    [
        '@or' => [
            [
                'pht.user_id' => 'users.id',
                'users.is_admin' => new Parameter(true),
            ],
            [
                '@or' => [
                    ['pht.user_id' => 'users.parent_id'],
                    ['users.is_admin' => new Parameter(false)],
                ],
            ],
        ],
    ],
]);

sql
SELECT * 
FROM `users` 
LEFT JOIN `photos` AS `pht`
ON (
    (`pht`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` AND `users`.`is_admin` = true)
    OR 
    (`pht`.`user_id` = `users`.`parent_id` OR `users`.`is_admin` = false)
)

Example 4

You may combine simple statements with grouped statements.

php
$select->join('LEFT', 'photos', 'pht', [
    'pht.user_id' => 'admins.id',
    'users.is_admin' => 'pht.is_admin',
    '@or' => [
        [
            'users.name' => new Parameter('Anton'),
            'users.is_admin' => 'pht.is_admin',
        ],
        [
            'users.status' => new Parameter('disabled'),
        ],
    ],
]);

sql
SELECT * 
FROM `users` 
LEFT JOIN `photos` AS `pht`
ON (
   `pht`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` 
    AND 
   `users`.`is_admin` = true
    AND (
       (`users`.`name` = "Anton" AND `users`.`is_admin` = `pht`.`is_admin`)
       OR
       `users`.`status` = "disabled"
    )
)

Example 5

You may use closure as a fourth argument.

php
$select->join('LEFT', 'photos', 'pht', static function (
    \Cycle\Database\Query\SelectQuery $select,
    string $boolean, 
    callable $wrapper
): void {
    $select
        ->on('photos.user_id', 'users.id')
        ->onWhere('photos.type', 'avatar');
});

sql
SELECT * 
FROM `users` 
LEFT JOIN `photos` AS `pht`
ON (
    `photos`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`
    AND 
    `photos`.`type` = "avatar"
)

Example 6

You may use closure statement inside array.

php
$select->join('LEFT', 'photos', 'pht', [
    'pht.user_id' => 'users.id',
    'users.is_admin' => 'pht.is_admin',
    static function (
        \Cycle\Database\Query\SelectQuery $select, 
        string $boolean, 
        callable $wrapper
    ): void {
        $select
            ->on('photos.user_id', 'users.id')
            ->onWhere('photos.type', 'avatar');
    }
]);

sql
SELECT * 
FROM `users` 
LEFT JOIN `photos` AS `pht`
ON (
    `pht`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`
    AND
    `users`.`is_admin` = `pht`.`is_admin`
    AND 
    (`photos`.`user_id` = `users`.`id` AND `photos`.`type` = "avatar")
)

Aliases

Second parameter in join methods are dedicated to table alias, feel free to use it in on and where statements of your query:

php
$select = $db->table('test')
    ->select(['test.*', 'uu.name as user_name'])
    ->innerJoin('users', 'uu')
    ->onWhere('uu.name', 'Anton');

Alternatively:

php
$select = $db->table('test')
    ->select(['test.*', 'uu.name as user_name'])
    ->innerJoin('users as uu')
    ->onWhere('uu.name', 'Anton');

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `uu`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
INNER JOIN `primary_users` as `uu`
    ON `uu`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `uu`.`name` = 'Anton'       

OrderBy

User orderBy to specify sort direction:

php
//We have a join, so table name is mandatory
$select
    ->orderBy('test.id', SelectQuery::SORT_DESC);

Multiple orderBy calls are allowed:

php
$select
    ->orderBy(
        'test.name', SelectQuery::SORT_DESC
    )->orderBy(
        'test.id', SelectQuery::SORT_ASC
    );

Alternatively:

php
$select
    ->orderBy([
        'test.name' => SelectQuery::SORT_DESC,
        'test.id'   => SelectQuery::SORT_ASC
    ]); 

Both ways will produce such SQL:

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `uu`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
INNER JOIN `primary_users` as `uu`
    ON `uu`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `uu`.`name` = 'Anton' 
ORDER BY `primary_test`.`name` DESC, `primary_test`.`id` ASC

You can also use Fragments instead of sorting identifiers (by default identifiers are treated as column name or expression).

GroupBy and Distinct

If you wish to select unique results from your selection use method distinct (always use distinct while loading HAS_MANY/MANY_TO_MANY relations in ORM).

php
$select->distinct();

Result grouping is available using groupBy method:

php
$select = $db->table('test')
    ->select(['status', 'count(*) as count'])
    ->groupBy('status');

As you might expect produced SQL looks like:

sql
SELECT
`status`, count(*) as `count`
FROM `primary_test`
GROUP BY `status`

Aggregations and Count

Since you can manipulate with selected columns including COUNT and other aggregation functions into your query might look like:

php
$select = $db->table('test')->select(['COUNT(*)']);

Though, in many cases you want to get query count or summarize results without column manipulations, use count, avg, sum, max and min methods to do that:

php
$select = $db->table('test')
    ->select(['id', 'name', 'status']);

var_dump($select->count());
var_dump($select->sum('balance'));

sql
SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM `primary_test`;

SELECT
SUM(`balance`)
FROM `primary_test`;

Pagination

You can paginate your query using methods limit and offset:

php
$select = $db->table('test')
    ->select(['id', 'name', 'status'])
    ->limit(10)
    ->offset(1);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    var_dump($row);
}

UpdateQuery Builder

Use "update" method of your table or database instance to get access to UpdateQuery builder, call run method of such query to execute result:

php
$update = $db->table('test')
    ->update(['name' => 'Abc'])
    ->where('id', '<', 10)
    ->run();

sql
UPDATE `primary_test`
SET `name` = 'Abc'
WHERE `id` < 10

You can use Expression and Fragment instances in your update values:

php
$update = $db->table('test')
    ->update([
        'name' => new \Cycle\Database\Injection\Expression('UPPER(test.name)')
    ])
    ->where('id', '<', 10)
    ->run();

sql
UPDATE `primary_test`
SET `name` = UPPER(`primary_test`.`name`)
WHERE `id` < 10

Nested queries are also supported:

php
$update = $db->table('test')
    ->update([
        'name' => $database
            ->table('users')
            ->select('name')
            ->where('id', 1)
    ])
    ->where('id', '<', 10)->run();

sql
UPDATE `primary_test`
SET `name` = (SELECT
`name`
FROM `primary_users`
WHERE `id` = 1)
WHERE `id` < 10 

Where methods work identically as in SelectQuery.

DeleteQuery Builders

Delete queries are represent by DeleteQuery accessible via "delete" method:

php
$db->table('test')
    ->delete()
    ->where('id', '<', 1000)
    ->run();

You can also specify where statement in Table delete method in a form of where array:

php
$db->table('test')
    ->delete([
        'id' => ['>' => 1000]
    ])
    ->run();

Complex Expressions

You can use Expression object to create complex, driver-specific, SQL injections with included parameters.

php
$db->table('test')
    ->select()
    ->where(new \Cycle\Database\Injection\Expression('SUM(column) = ?', $value))
    ->run();

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Database - Query Builders

#Before we start

#Insert Builder

#Batch Insert

#Quick Inserts

#SelectQuery Builder

#Select Columns

#Where Statements

#Basics

#Where Operators

#Multiple Where Conditions

#Complex/Group Where Conditions

#Simplified/array Where Conditions

#Parameters

#SQL Fragments and Expressions

#Table and Column aliases

#Sub/Nested Queries

#Having

#Joins

#On Where statement

#Advanced Join statements

#Aliases

#OrderBy

#GroupBy and Distinct

#Aggregations and Count

#Pagination

#UpdateQuery Builder

#DeleteQuery Builders

#Complex Expressions

Before we start

Insert Builder

Batch Insert

Quick Inserts

SelectQuery Builder

Select Columns

Where Statements

Basics

Where Operators

Multiple Where Conditions

Complex/Group Where Conditions

Simplified/array Where Conditions

Parameters

SQL Fragments and Expressions

Table and Column aliases

Sub/Nested Queries

Having

Joins

On Where statement

Advanced Join statements

Aliases

OrderBy

GroupBy and Distinct

Aggregations and Count

Pagination

UpdateQuery Builder

DeleteQuery Builders

Complex Expressions